Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, a strong pro-angiogenic factor, most likely contributes to its pathogenesis: it has been shown that VEGF-A can be produced by retinal tissue as well as hypoxic UM cells. Radiation retinopathy has been described in up to 63% of eyes after plaque radiation treatment. However, radiation therapy may lead to radiation retinopathy, a slowly progressive, delayed-onset disease of retinal blood vessels characterized by retinal ischemia, neovascularization and leaking vessels. Radiotherapy using a radioactive plaque is a highly successful therapy, achieving local tumor control of UM in up to 97% of treated cases. Current treatments of UM depend on several clinical factors and include enucleation, radiotherapy (plaque, proton beam or stereotactic irradiation), transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) and local resection. Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults with an annual incidence of 7–10 cases per million per year.
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